Laurus Nobilis Research Articles

Combining the pharmaceutical and toxicological properties of select essential oils with their chemical components by GC-MS analysis.

In the current investigation, a comprehensive analysis was carried out on essential oils (Eos) extracted from six aromatic plant species, namely Rosmarinus officinalis, Pelargonium graveolens, Thymus vulgaris, Origanum vulgare, Laurus nobilis, and Aloysia citrodora. An exploration was conducted into the chemical composition using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS), antioxidant properties assessed through DPPH, ABTS, CUPRAC, FRAP, MCA, and PBD assays, ecotoxicological impacts evaluated via allelopathy and the Daphnia magna heartbeat test, as well as bio-pharmacological effects including anticancer activity and gene expression analysis. Results revealed strong antioxidant activity in all essential oils, with T. vulgaris EO (2748.00 mg TE/g) and O. vulgare EO (2609.29 mg TE/g) leading in CUPRAC assay. R. officinalis EO showed the highest α-amylase inhibition at 1.58 mmol ACAE/g, while O. vulgare EO excelled in α-glucosidase inhibition at 1.57 mmol ACAE/g. Additionally, cytotoxic effects were evaluated on human colorectal cancer (HCT116) cells. A. citrodora, O. vulgare, and R. officinalis EOs were found the most potent anticancer, as also witnessed by their higher modulatory effects on the gene expression of BAX and Bcl-2. Collectively, the present data highlight the importance to implement the knowledge and to valorise the chain of aromatic plants.

Adsorption of the Color Pollutant onto NiO Nanoparticles Prepared by a New Green Method

     Green synthesis methods have emerged as favorable techniques for the synthesis of nano-oxides due to their simplicity, cost-effectiveness, eco-friendliness, and non-toxicity. In this study, Nickel oxide nanoparticles (NiO-NPs) were synthesized using the aqueous extract of Laurus nobilis leaves as a natural capping agent. The synthesized NiO-NPs were employed as an adsorbent for the removal of Biebrich Scarlet (BS) dye from aqueous solution using adsorption technique. Comprehensive characterization of NiO-NPs was performed using various techniques such as atomic force microscopy (AFM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer-Emmett and Teller (BET) analysis, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Additionally, operational parameters including adsorbent weight, adsorption duration, temperature, pH value, and initial BS dye concentration were optimized for the adsorption process. Isotherm analysis indicated a better fit of the Langmuir model with equilibrium experimental data than the Freundlich model. The kinetic study revealed that the Pseudo-second-order (PSO) model was more suitable to represent the adsorption process compared to the Pseudo-first-order (PFO) kinetic model. Thermodynamic analysis encompassing the changes in Gibbs free energy (∆G˚), enthalpy (∆H˚), and entropy (∆S˚) unveiled that the adsorption of BS dye onto NiO-NPs was a spontaneous endothermic process with an increase in the randomness.

Efficacy of Laurus nobilis L. for Tight Junction Protein Imbalance in Leaky Gut Syndrome

Laurus nobilis L. (LNL) belongs to the evergreen Lauraceae family. It is native to the Mediterranean and widely distributed in the southern United States, Europe, and the Middle East. LNL is rich in active ingredients of the sesquiterpene lactone series and has been reported to have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer effects. And parthenolide, known as a sesquiterpene lactone-based compound, inhibits the activation of lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP), which is a major trigger for leaky gut syndrome. However, the effectiveness of LNL in improving the state of increased intestinal permeability has not yet been reported. Therefore, we demonstrated the efficacy of LNL, which is known to be rich in parthenolide, in improving intestinal permeability induced by IL-13. We investigated the improvement in permeability and analyzed major tight junction proteins (TJs), permeability-related mechanisms, weight and disease activity indices, and corresponding cytokine mechanisms. LNL maintained TJs homeostasis and clinical improvement by reducing increased claudin-2 through the inhibition of IL-13/STAT6 activation in TJ-damaged conditions. These results are expected to be effective in preventing leaky gut syndrome through the TJ balance and to further improve intestinal-related diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease.

Plant-derived bioactive compounds as key players in the modulation of immune-related conditions

AbstractThe immune system is a complex and fundamental network for organism protection. A minimal unbalance in the host defense system homeostasis can originate severe repercussions in human health. Fundamentally, immune-related diseases can arise from its compromise (immunodeficiency diseases), overactivation against itself (autoimmune diseases) or harmless substances (allergies), and failure of eliminating the harmful agent (chronic inflammation). The notable advances and achievements in the immune system diseases pathophysiology have been allowing for a dramatic improvement of the available treatments. Nevertheless, they present some drawbacks, including the inappropriate benefit/risk ratio. Therefore, there is a strong and urgent need to develop effective therapeutic strategies. Nature is a valuable source of bioactive compounds that can be explored for the development of new drugs. Particularly, plants produce a broad spectrum of secondary metabolites that can be potential prototypes for innovative therapeutic agents. This review describes the immune system and the inflammatory response and examines the current knowledge of eight plants traditionally used as immunomodulatory medicines (Boswellia serrata, Echinacea purpurea, Laurus nobilis, Lavandula angustifolia, Olea europaea, Salvia officinalis, Salvia rosmarinus, and Taraxacum officinale). Moreover, the issues responsible for possible biologic readout inconsistencies (plant species, age, selected organ, developmental stage, growth conditions, geographical location, drying methods, storage conditions, solvent of extraction, and extraction method) will also be discussed. Furthermore, a detailed list of the chemical composition and the immunomodulatory mechanism of action of the bioactive compounds of the selected plant extracts are presented. This review also includes future perspectives and proposes potential new avenues for further investigation.

Nutraceutical Aspects of Selected Wild Edible Plants of the Italian Central Apennines

All over the world, wild edible plants are an essential source of chemical components that justify their use in folk medicine. The aim of this review is to document and summarize the knowledge of ten wild plants analyzed in a previous study for their ethnomedical significance. Achillea millefolium, Borago officinalis, Foeniculum vulgare, Gentiana lutea, Juniperus communis, Laurus nobilis, Malva sylvestris, Satureja montana, Silybum marianum and Urtica dioica were the subjects of our study. They are commonly found in the central Italian Apennines and the Mediterranean basin. Phytochemicals contained in wild plants, such as phenols, polyphenols, flavonoids, condensed tannins, carotenoids, etc., are receiving increasing attention, as they exert a wide range of biological activities with resulting benefits for human health. Based on the 353 studies we reviewed, we focused our study on the following: (a) the ethnobotanical practices and bioactive phytochemicals; (b) the composition of polyphenols and their role as antioxidants; (c) the methodologies commonly used to assess antioxidant activity; (d) the most advanced spectroscopic and spectrometric techniques used to visualize and characterize all components (metabolomic fingerprinting). The potential of pure compounds and extracts to be used as nutraceuticals has also been highlighted through a supposed mechanism of action.

Antihyperlipidemic effect and GC-MS analysis of phytoconstituents from Laurus nobilis essential oil in rat

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of Laurus nobilis (L. nobilis) essential oil (EOs) (80 mg/kg) on Triton WR-1339-induced dyslipidemia in Wistar rats. The effect of L. nobilis essential oil (80 mg/kg) on lipid and lipoprotein profile was examined on Triton WR-1339-induced dyslipidemia in rats. Furthermore, the phytochemical evaluation was performed by GC-MS. In Addition, the acute toxicity of this EO was evaluated at a dose of 2 g/kg. The results revealed that the main constituents of L. nobilis EO were 1,8-cineole (39.5%), linalool (13.09%), and a-terpineol (11.55%). Furthermore, the EO did not cause any signs of toxicity or mortality, and the acute lethal dose 50 (LD50) was estimated to be higher than 2 g/kg. L. nobilis EO ameliorated lipid parameters and atherogenic indices. In conclusion, the study demonstrates that L. nobilis essential oils possess antidyslipidemic activity in acute model of hyperlipidaemia.

Randomized, placebo-controlled pilot study investigating the effects of Laurus nobilis tea on lipid profiles and oxidative stress biomarkers in healthy North African volunteers

Background. Laurus-nobilis (Ln) is an evergreen tree from the Lauraceae family, widely utilized for its culinary and medicinal purposes. Aims. This study aims to investigate the effects of Ln-tea (Lnt) consumption on lipid profiles and oxidant/antioxidant stress biomarkers in healthy volunteers. Methods. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (PACTR202205671550114) was conducted involving healthy volunteers. Participants (n=62) were randomly assigned to either the experimental-group (EG, n=31), receiving Lnt, or the control-group (CG, n=31), receiving a placebo tea. The regimen was administered once daily for ten consecutive days. Blood samples were collected from each participant on two occasions: one day before the study (Day1) and one day after its completion (Day11). These samples underwent analysis for lipid data, including cholesterol, triglycerides, high- and low- density-lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C, LDL-C, respectively), and low-density-lipoprotein-receptor (LDL-R). Additionally, oxidant/antioxidant stress biomarkers, such as superoxide-dismutase, uric-acid, and carbonylated-proteins, were assessed. Results. Data from seven participants (one from the EG, and six from the CG) were excluded from the final statistical analysis, resulting in 55 volunteers completing the study (30 in the EG, 25 in the CG). The two groups exhibited comparable demographic and clinical characteristics. In the EG, LDL-C decreased by 0.42 while HDL-C and LDL-R increased by 0.18 mmol/L and 189.45 pg/mL, respectively, compared to Day1. On Day11, the EG displayed lower LDL-C value and higher values of HDL-C and LDL-R compared to the CG. Significant interactive effects of the groups (2) vs. days (2) were observed for LDL-C, HDL-C, and LDL-R. No significant changes in oxidant/antioxidant stress biomarkers were noted between Day1 and Day11 in both groups. However, the EG showed higher levels of superoxide-dismutase compared to the CG on Day 11. Significant interactive effects of the groups (2) vs. days (2) were noted for superoxide-dismutase and carbonylated-proteins. Conclusions. Lnt infusion showed potential in modulating LDL-R activity levels, accompanied by elevated antioxidant activity. Keywords: Laurus, oxidative stress, plant extracts, therapeutic use, tea.

The antibacterial effect mechanisms of Laurus nobilis extracts on carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumanii isolates

Carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii infections are becoming increasingly difficult to treat. Thus, this paper focused on identification of carbapenemase genes in carbapenem-resistant A. baumanii isolates, determining the antibacterial activities of Laurus nobilis L. leaves extracts in both carbapenem-sensitive and resistant strains, and comparing MIC values in strains with various carbapenemase genotypes. Besides, the components of Laurus nobilis extracts and the theoretical calculation of the antibacterial effect mechanisms of Laurus nobilis extracts on A. baumanii isolates were investigated. The MIC value of Laurus nobilis extracts was found to be 250 μg/ml in A. baumanii isolates carrying one or two carbepenemase genes, while the MIC value was found to be 500 μg/ml in strains carrying three or more carbapenemase genes. The extracts of Laurus nobilis had the highest concentration of rutin, followed by ferulic acid. The interaction of the major component of the extract, rutin, with OXA-51 was explored by molecular docking to demonstrate its binding potential. Its interaction was then compared to the interaction of a standard drug (doripenem). The binding potential of rutin was found to be slightly higher than that of doripenem that reflected the limited activity of the extract on the carbapenem-resistant strains. Consequently, new treatment drugs have needed to limit the spread of carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii.

Insecticidal activity of essential oils derived from lavender, laurel and peppermint against lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica (Fabricius, 1792) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae)

Fumigant effects of the essential oils from Laurus nobilis L., 1753 (Laurales: Lauraceae), Mentha piperita L., 1753 and Lavandula x intermedia Emeric ex Loisel, 1828 (Lamiales: Lamiaceae) were determined using the lesser grain borer [Rhyzopertha dominica (Fabricius, 1792) (Coleoptera: Bostrychidae)], an important pest species of stored grains. The experiments were conducted in the 2021 in the Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Malatya Turgut Özal University. The experiments were conducted in a controlled-climate chamber at 27 ± 1°C, 50 ± 10% RH and in the dark. The fumigant effects of essential oils were determined at five concentrations (1, 5, 20, 50 and 200 μl/L air) with larva, pupa and adult stages of R. dominica. The highest fumigant effect was with R. dominica larvae was complete mortality with 200 μl/L L. nobilis essential oil and for the adults, 200μl/L of either L. nobilis and M. piperita essential oil also caused complete mortality. However, the complete mortality of pupal stage was not obtained and the highest mortality was 49% with L. nobilis. As a result, it is considered that both L. nobilis and M. piperita essential oils have the potential to be used as effective biofumigants for stored product pests.

Multianalytical approach to the exceptional Late Roman shipwreck of Ses Fontanelles (Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain)

The paper presents the results of an interim analytical approach to the Late Roman shipwreck of Ses Fontanelles recently found in the island of Mallorca (Balearic Islands, Spain). The excellent state of preservation of the hull and the cargo, including amphorae with painted inscriptions (tituli picti), and its location in shallow waters offshore of one of the main touristic beaches of the island makes this a unique finding in the Mediterranean. A first season of excavations and study of the cargo triggered an analytical approach to solve some of the problems pose by archaeological research, mainly related to the possible origin of the vessel. The analytical strategy combines petrographic analysis for the study of the provenance of the amphorae, archaeozoology and residue analysis to identify their content, and analysis of the wood and plant remains to understand the use of vegetal resources in shipbuilding and in the stow of the cargo. The results of the combination of the petrographic analysis, the study of the ichthyofauna and the organic residue analysis suggest that the boat probably departed from the area of Cartagena in the southeastern part of the Iberian Peninsula, carrying a cargo of fish sauce (liquaminis flos), oil, and wine (probably also some olives preserved in grape derivatives), transported in three main types of amphorae. The analysis of the wood shows, as known in Roman shipbuilding, a clear selection of forest resources. The shipbuilders used pine for longitudinal parts of the hull, while for the small pieces related to the assemblage system (pegged, mortise and tenons) and subjected to a great stress they selected harder woods mainly Cupressaceae, Olea europaea, and Laurus nobilis. In addition, the study reveals that mainly branches of Vitis vinifera, but also other herbaceous plants were used as dunnage protecting the cargo during the journey. The results help to shed some light into different aspects of this unique vessel sunk in Mallorcan waters and contributes to show the benefit of applying archaeological sciences in maritime archaeology.

Green synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles using Laurus nobilis L. extract and investigation of corrosion inhibition properties of DES-based nanofluids

Green synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles using Laurus nobilis L. extract and investigation of corrosion inhibition properties of DES-based nanofluids

Laurus nobilis Esansiyel Yağının Sıçanlarda İndometasin Kaynaklı Mide Ülserinin Azaltılmasında Potansiyel Rolü

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the gastroprotective effects of Laurus nobilis leaves essential oil (LANO) against indomethacin (INDO)-induced gastric ulcers in rats.
 Materials and Methods: In this study, an indomethacin-induced gastric ulcer model was employed. 30 Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into five groups (n=6): Control, LANO, INDO, INDO with famotidine (FAM), and INDO with LANO. Indomethacin (25 mg/kg) induced ulcers, while LANO and FAM were administered by oral gavage at 200 mg/kg and 40 mg/kg, respectively. Gastric tissues underwent histopathological examination for ulceration, and biochemical assays measured total oxidant status (TOS), total antioxidant status (TAS), oxidative stress index (OSI), and nitric oxide (NO) levels.
 Results: Compared to the INDO group, treatment with LANO significantly decreased the number of gastric ulcer foci. Biochemically, LANO moderated TOS and OSI levels and preserved TAS, indicating reduced oxidative stress. Additionally, LANO appeared to stabilize NO levels. These biochemical findings were corroborated by histopathological examination.
 Conclusions: The study's results indicate that LANO may be beneficial in protecting against NSAID-induced gastric damage. LANO's observed modulation of oxidative stress markers and NO levels suggests its potential role in managing gastric ulcers.

Optimizing Extract Preparation from Laurel (Laurus nobilis L.) Leaves Using a Pulsed Electric Field

This study explores the bioactive compound extraction from laurel (Laurus nobilis L.) leaves using a pulsed electric field (PEF) as a standalone extraction technique. The primary parameters impacting the extraction process were optimized through response surface methodology. Specifically, solvent composition (ethanol and water mixtures) and liquid-to-solid ratio, along with other key PEF conditions (i.e., electric field intensity, pulse period, and pulse length) were examined. The antioxidant capacity was evaluated through DPPH and FRAP assays, whereas total polyphenol content was also measured. A comparison was also made between the extracts produced with and without PEF. The results showed that after 30 min of extraction, the best parameters were a pulse period of 355 μs, a pulse duration of 55 μs, and an electric field intensity of 0.6 kV/cm. A liquid-to-solid ratio of 10 mL/g was chosen, whereas the best solvent was determined to be 25% (v/v) ethanol/water mixture. The PEF-treated extract contained 77% more polyphenols compared to the untreated sample. In addition, PEF-treated samples had a rise of up to 288% for certain individual polyphenols. Correlation analyses also revealed interesting trends among bioactive compounds and the antioxidant capacity of the extracts. The effect of the investigated parameters on polyphenol recovery was demonstrated, indicating that comparable investigations should consider these parameters to optimize polyphenol extraction yield. Regarding green and non-thermal standalone techniques, PEF outshines other extraction techniques as it could also be used as a sustainable way to swiftly generate health-promoting extracts from medicinal plants.

In vitro and In vivo Characterization of Laurus nobilis Loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles as a Potential Treatment for Gastric Cancer Using SEM Images, PCR and Histopathology

In the current study, Laurus nobilis extract (ethanolic) was loaded into chitosan nanoparticles and studied for their potential anticancer activity against GC1436 cells using SEM images of LNECHNPs and CHNPs. In vitro studies showed that gastric cancer cells cultured with the nanoparticle system suppressed the proliferation and migration activity of cancer cells through suppressing the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. The SEM images display that both LNECHNPs and CHNPs are round and possess a smooth surface. The smooth surface is a probable outcome of the manufacturing process used to create the nanoparticles, which can employ procedures like sol–gel or chemical reduction methods. Gene expression studies showed that the expression levels of PI3K and Akt genes were significantly reduced in GC1436 cells cultured with LNECHNPs Nephrotoxicity of the nanoparticles was studied in a rat model. In vivo study showed that the intravenous administration of the nanoparticle system did not impart significant nephrotoxicity in the animals 7 days post-injection. These results provide important insights into the safety of these nanocarrier systems, which could be beneficial in their potential application in biomedical and pharmaceutical fields.

Assessment of metals (Ni, Ba) deposition in plant types and their organs at Mersin City, Türkiye.

The increase in heavy metal concentrations in the air, especially after the Industrial Revolution, is notable for the scientific world because of the adverse effects that threaten environmental and human health. Among the trace elements, nickel (Ni) is carcinogenic, and all barium (Ba) compounds are toxic. Trace elements are critical for human and environmental health. Their threat further increases, especially in the urban areas and surroundings with a high population. In urban areas, the trace element contamination in the airborne can be reduced using plants. However, which plant and plant organs absorb trace elements could not be determined. In the present study, Ni and Ba concentrations in the branch, wood, and leaf samples of 14 species collected from the city center of Mersin province were determined. As a result, broad-leaved species' Ni and Ba concentrations in their leaf sample were generally higher than other species. Almost all species had the lowest Ni and Ba concentrations in their wood samples. Among these 14 species, it was found that Ni concentration was very high, especially in non-washed leaves of Platanus orientalis, Photinia serrulata, and Citrus reticulate, and Ba concentration was very high in Citrus reticulata, Chamaecyparis lawsoniana, Laurus nobilis, and Acer hyrcanum. Using broad-leaved species in urban areas where pollution is at high levels will significantly contribute to reducing Ni and Ba pollution. It is recommended that these points be considered in future urban landscaping projects.

Combined Effects of Zein Nanofiber Coating Containing Laurel (Laurus nobilis) and Air Fryer Cooking on Quality Properties of Fish Fillets during Cold Storage.

In this study, the effects of zein nanofibers (Zn) containing ground laurel leaves (GLL) and air fry cooking on the quality characteristics of Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were investigated. The zein nanofibers possessing 335.8 ± 43.6 nm average diameters were fabricated containing GLL. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) results of the zein, Zn, GLL, and zein nanofibers containing GLL (LZn) confirmed the electrospinning encapsulation of GLL into Zn and their interactions. The effects of the combination of LZn coating and air fryer cooking of fish fillets on the quality characteristics during storage at 4 °C for 10 days were monitored in terms of oxidative and microbiological stability, color, and sensory parameters. As compared to the control, the combination of LZn coating and air fryer cooking provided a microbial limitation of up to 45.21% during the analysis (p < 0.05). The changes in ΔE values between the control and the LZn-coated samples were obtained as ≤7.56 during 6 days, but then a dramatic color difference was observed. Besides overall sensory acceptability, particularly the odor parameter in the cooked fish samples coated with LZn was significantly preferred (p < 0.05). The combination of LZn coating and air fryer cooking delayed the thiobarbituric acid increase in the fish meat samples (3.51 to 2.57 mg malondialdehyde (MDA)/kg) up to the third day of storage. This study showed that LZn coating is a very functional layer on the fish meat and could be applied for not only fresh fish meat but also other fresh meat products.

Could the aroma of spices produce a cross-modal enhancement of food saltiness and contribute to reducing salt intake?

As a result of its correlation with cardiovascular diseases, salt intake must be reduced. According to multi-sensory integration, aroma plays an important role in saltiness enhancement; this could enable a food's salt content to be reduced without losing acceptance. We therefore studied the effect of three spices, Curcuma longa, Laurus nobilis L. and Petroselinum crispum L., on saltiness enhancement through sensory tests on consumers. This was followed by olfactometric analysis with the aim of relating the effect to the spices' aromatic composition. According to the odour-induced salty taste enhancement (OISE) mean values, bay leaf and turmeric had the highest effect on saltiness enhancement, at a similar level to dry-cured ham aroma, wherwas parsley had a significantly lower OISE value. Only one odour-active compound (OAC), eugenol, showed a direct correlation with the spices' OISE values. Turmeric primarily had OACs with sweet aroma, whereas bay leaf had more OACs belonging to the spicy-aroma category. The three spices, turmeric, bay leaf and parsley, investigated in the present study appear to enhance the salty taste of mashed potato with a low salt content. The results suggest that an interaction effect among OACs with different aromatic ranges may exist. Therefore, when the global OAC modified frequency value, grouped according to aroma range, was considered, the sweet range appears to counteract the effect of the spicy aroma on saltiness. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Efficacy of phenolic compounds from bay leaf (Laurus nobilis) as natural antioxidants in the enhancement of edible oil thermo-resistance

Efficacy of phenolic compounds from bay leaf (Laurus nobilis) as natural antioxidants in the enhancement of edible oil thermo-resistance

Climatic variability, spatial heterogeneity and the presence of multiple hosts drive the population structure of the pathogen Phytophthora ramorum and the epidemiology of Sudden Oak Death

We implement a population genetics approach to clarify the role that temporal and environmental variability, spatially distinct locations and different hosts may have in the epidemiology of a plant disease and in the microevolution of its causative pathogen. In California and southern Oregon (USA), the introduction of the invasive pathogen Phytophthora ramorum, causal agent of the widespread disease Sudden Oak Death (SOD), has resulted in extensive mortality of various oaks Quercus sp. and of tanoak Notholithocarpus densiflorus. Although the disease can infect over a hundred hosts, California bay laurel Umbellularia californica is the most competent transmissive host but is not lethally affected by the disease. Using population genetics data, we identify the relationship among P. ramorum populations in bay laurels, oaks and tanoaks to clarify the contribution of each host on the epidemiology of SOD and on the microevolution of its causal agent and to explore differences in population structure across sites and years. We conclude that bay laurel is the primary source for infections of both tanoak and oak, and that tanoak contributes minimally to oak infection but can infect bay laurel, creating a secondary pathogen amplification process. Overall, pathogen diversity is associated with rainfall and presence of bay laurels, which sustain the largest populations of the pathogen. Additionally, we clarify that while bay laurels are a common source of inoculum, oaks and tanoaks act as sinks that maintain host‐specific pathogen genotypes not observed in bay laurel populations. Finally, we conclude that different sites support a dominance of different pathogen genotypes. Some genotypes were widespread, while others were limited to a subset of the plots. Sites with higher bay laurel densities sustained a higher genotypic diversity of the pathogen. This work provides novel insight into the ecology and evolutionary trajectories of SOD epidemics in natural ecosystems.

The microclimate impact of treetop walk based on plant community simulation.

The treetop walk is an innovative urban greenway that harmoniously integrates with the natural topography, meandering through the tree canopy. It serves as a vital element in elevating the urban mountain landscape while also significantly impacting the recreational experiences of the public through its microclimate effects. Moreover, the distinctive plant community characteristics of the treetop walk significantly enhance the microclimate. Examining the plant community attributes that potentially influence the microclimate conditions of the treetop walk is of utmost importance. We chose the Fu Forest Trail in Fuzhou as the sample site for this research. By implementing an orthogonal experimental design and using ENVI-met software, we simulated data to explore the impacts of various plant community characteristics on the microclimate of the treetop walk in autumn. The findings revealed the following results: (1) The presence of tree height, leaf area index, crown type, and planting density significantly influenced the microclimate of the treetop walk green spaces, with some factors having primary effects while others having secondary effects. (2) No significant variations were observed in the microclimate effects of diverse plant community characteristics in the treetop walk during morning, noon, and evening hours. (3) Scheme 13 emerged as the optimal choice for cooling and humidifying ventilating, characterized by a tree height of 20m, leaf area index of 4.4, spherical crown shape, and planting spacing of 2m. The tree species available in the Fuzhou area include Ligustrum quihoui Carr., Buxus sinica, Laurus nobilis, Myrica rubra, and Osmanthus fragrans. (4) Compared to traditional understory trails, tree height and planting spacing notably influence the microclimate environment of the treetop walk.